Location

Many studies have shown that drinking in bars is associated with greater violence or aggressive behaviour than in other drinking settings e.g. private clubs or restaurants. (Homel et al 1991)

Australian research found that 60% of alcohol-related offences took place in the vicinity of licensed premised but that no single factor in itself sparked the violence. Rather it was a combination of factors, which led up to the incident.(Homel and Clarke,1994)

The British Crime Survey 2000 (http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/bcs1.html) indicates that 19% of all violent incidents occur in or around pubs or clubs. This rises to 33% for violent incidents where the offender is a stranger.

Research indicates that a small percentage of licensed premises are directly or indirectly linked with crime and disorder. The common pattern tends to involve a very small, distinct entertainment area of a town or city which involves travel from the out-skirts of town. (Purser, 1995)

As with many other offences and issues, the local environment and the physical layout of the premises will effect the type and level of offences committed. Research indicates that badly designed, poorly maintained, unattractive premises can lead to aggressive behaviour. (Pernanen 1991) (Keeping the Peace) Portman 1993

The sudden increase in numbers of people emptying onto the streets at closing time and the increased demand for hot food outlets and at public transport and taxi locations all contribute to the likelihood of crime and disorder.(Marsh and Kibby 1992)

This study found that typically, over 50% of arrests for alcohol-related crime and disorder in any one week occur between 11pm and 2am on Friday and Saturday nights.

The attitude and behaviour of door staff and bar staff heavily influences the levels of violence within licensed premises by setting the tone for the social environment.(Russ and Geller 1987)

Poorly managed bars where swearing, racial harassment and breaches of the licensing laws take place and are tolerated, increase the potential for crime and disorder.(Graham et al 1996)

Aggression may be fostered by encouraging excessive drinking through special promotions of high alcohol drinks, “happy hours” or illegally selling more alcohol to already intoxicated drinkers.(Homel and Clarke 1994)