
Social Exclusion
The risk of racist crime increases with social exclusion and low income: people
living in poorer areas tend to be more at risk than people living in more affluent
areas. But racist incidents can happen anywhere. Support for victims should be available
throughout an area irrespective of the socio-demographic backgound.
Bowling, B. (1998) Violent Racism: Victimisation, policing and social context.
Oxford: Carendon Press)
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